Ukhuni lwemvelo nensimbi bekuyizinto zokwakha ezibalulekile kubantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka.Ama-polymers okwenziwa esiwabiza ngokuthi amapulasitiki ayinto esungulwe muva nje eyaqhuma ekhulwini lama-20.
Kokubili izinsimbi namapulasitiki anezakhiwo ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini nakwezentengiselwano.Izinsimbi ziqinile, ziqinile, futhi ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukumelana nomoya, amanzi, ukushisa, nokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo.Nokho, zidinga izinsiza ezengeziwe (okusho ukuthi zibiza kakhulu) bakhiqize futhi bacwengisise imikhiqizo yabo.Ipulasitiki inikeza eminye yemisebenzi yensimbi kuyilapho idinga isisindo esincane futhi ishibhile kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza.Izakhiwo zabo zingenziwa ngokwezifiso cishe noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa.Nokho, amapulasitiki ashibhile athengiswayo enza izinto zesakhiwo ezisabekayo: izinto zikagesi zepulasitiki aziwona into enhle, futhi akekho ofuna ukuhlala endlini yepulasitiki.Ukwengeza, bavame ukucolisiswa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukhuni lwemvelo lungaqhudelana nezinsimbi namapulasitiki.Imizi eminingi yemindeni yakhiwe phezu kohlaka lwezinkuni.Inkinga ukuthi ukhuni lwemvelo luthambile kakhulu futhi lonakaliswa kalula ngamanzi ukuze luthathe indawo yepulasitiki nensimbi isikhathi esiningi.Iphepha lakamuva eyanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Matter ihlola ukudalwa kwempahla yokhuni oluqinile olunqoba le mikhawulo.Lolu cwaningo lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekudalweni kwemimese yokhuni nezinzipho.Muhle kangakanani ummese wokhuni futhi uzowusebenzisa noma nini maduze?
Isakhiwo sokhuni esine-fibrous siqukethe cishe u-50% we-cellulose, i-polymer yemvelo enamandla ngokwethiyori enhle.Ingxenye esele yesakhiwo sokhuni ikakhulukazi i-lignin ne-hemicellulose.Ngenkathi i-cellulose yakha imicu emide, eqinile ehlinzeka ngokhuni ngomgogodla wemvelo yalo. amandla, i-hemicellulose inokwakheka okuncane okuhambisanayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ayifaki lutho emandleni okhuni.I-Lignin igcwalisa izikhala phakathi kwemicu ye-cellulose futhi yenza imisebenzi ewusizo ngokhuni oluphilayo.Kodwa ngenjongo yabantu yokuhlanganisa ukhuni nokubopha imicu ye-cellulose iqine kakhulu ndawonye, i-lignin yaba isithiyo.
Kulolu cwaningo, izinkuni zemvelo zenziwa ngokhuni oluqinile (HW) ngezinyathelo ezine.Okokuqala, izinkuni zibiliswa nge-sodium hydroxide ne-sodium sulfate ukuze kukhishwe enye ye-hemicellulose ne-lignin.Ngemva kwalokhu kwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, izinkuni ziba denser ngokucindezela. it emshinini wokunyathelisa amahora ambalwa ekamelweni lokushisa.Lokhu kunciphisa izikhala zemvelo noma izimbotshana okhunini futhi kuthuthukisa ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwemicu ye-cellulose eseduze.Okulandelayo, izinkuni zicindezelwa ku-105° C (221° F) ezinye ezimbalwa. amahora okuqeda ukuminyana, bese komiswa.Ekugcineni, izinkuni zicwiliswa emafutheni amaminerali amahora angu-48 ukwenza umkhiqizo ophelile ungangeni manzi.
Isici esisodwa esiwumshini sesakhiwo esiqinile ubulukhuni bokungena, okuyisilinganiso sekhono laso lokumelana nokuguquguquka lapho icindezelwa ngamandla.Idayimane liqinile kunensimbi, liqinile kunegolide, liqinile kunokhuni, futhi liqinile kunokupakisha igwebu.Phakathi kobunjiniyela abaningi izivivinyo ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma ubulukhuni, njengobulukhuni be-Mohs obusetshenziswa ku-gemology, ukuhlolwa kwe-Brinell kungenye yazo.Umqondo wayo ulula: insimbi enebhola eqinile icindezelwa endaweni yokuhlola ngamandla athile.Linganisa ububanzi besiyingi ukuhlehlisa okudalwe yibhola.Inani lobulukhuni be-Brinell libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula yezibalo; uma sikhuluma nje, imbobo ibhola elihlabayo iba nkulu, kwenza into ithambe.Kulokhu kuhlolwa, i-HW ilukhuni izikhathi ezingu-23 kunokhuni lwemvelo.
Iningi lezinkuni zemvelo ezingaphenduliwe zizomunca amanzi.Lokhu kungandisa izinkuni futhi ekugcineni kucekele phansi izakhiwo zayo zesakhiwo.Ababhali basebenzisa i-mineral soak yezinsuku ezimbili ukwandisa ukumelana kwamanzi kwe-HW, okwenza kube yi-hydrophobic ("ukwesaba amanzi"). Ukuhlola i-hydrophobicity kuhilela ukubeka iconsi lamanzi endaweni engaphezulu. Lapho ingaphezulu ligcwele amanzi, amaconsi amanzi aba yindilinga ngokwengeziwe. imunca amanzi kalula) .Ngakho-ke, ukucwiliswa kwamaminerali akugcini nje ukwandisa kakhulu i-hydrophobicity ye-HW, kodwa futhi kuvimbela izinkuni ekubambeni umswakama.
Kwezinye izivivinyo zobunjiniyela, imimese ye-HW yenze kangcono kancane kunemimese yensimbi.Ababhali bathi ummese we-HW ubukhali cishe ngokuphindwe kathathu kunommese otholakala nokudayiswa.Nokho, kunesixwayiso ngalo mphumela othakazelisayo. noma lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi imimese yebhotela. Lokhu akuhloselwe ukuba bukhali ngokukhethekile. Ababhali babonisa ividiyo yommese wabo besika inyama yenyama, kodwa umuntu omdala oqinile angase asike inyama efanayo ngohlangothi olubuthuntu lwemfoloko yensimbi, futhi ummese we-steak ungasebenza kangcono kakhulu.
Kuthiwani ngezinzipho?Isikhonkwane esisodwa se-HW singabethelwa kalula esitakini samapulangwe amathathu, nakuba singenamininingwane eminingi njengoba silula uma siqhathaniswa nezinzipho zensimbi. Izikhonkwane zokhuni zingabe seziwabamba amapulangwe ndawonye, zimelane namandla angadabula. zihlukene, zinokuqina okucishe kufane nezikhonkwane zensimbi. Ezivivinyweni zabo, nokho, amabhodi kuzo zombili izimo ahluleka ngaphambi kokuba noma yisiphi isipikili sihluleke, ngakho izinzipho eziqinile azizange zibekwe obala.
Ingabe izikhonkwane ze-HW zingcono ngezinye izindlela? Izikhonkwane zokhuni zilula, kodwa isisindo sesakhiwo asishayelwa ubukhulu bezikhonkwane ezisibamba ndawonye. Izikhonkwane zokhuni ngeke zigxume. biodecompose.
Akungabazeki ukuthi umbhali usungule inqubo yokwenza ukhuni lube namandla kunokhuni lwemvelo.Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwehardware kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi othile kudinga ukufundwa okwengeziwe.Ingaba eshibhile futhi ingabi nezinsiza njengepulasitiki?Ingakwazi ukuncintisana neqinile , izinto zensimbi ezikhangayo, ezingasetshenziswa kabusha ngokungenamkhawulo?Ucwaningo lwabo luphakamisa imibuzo ethokozisayo.Ubunjiniyela obuqhubekayo (futhi ekugcineni imakethe) buzoyiphendula.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-13-2022
