Ukhuni lwemvelo nensimbi bekuyizinto zokwakha ezibalulekile kubantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka.Ama-polymers okwenziwa esiwabiza ngokuthi amapulasitiki ayinto esungulwe muva nje eyaqhuma ekhulwini lama-20.
Kokubili izinsimbi namapulasitiki anezakhiwo ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini nasekuthengiseni.Izinsimbi ziqinile, ziqinile, futhi ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukumelana nomoya, amanzi, ukushisa, nokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo.Nokho, zidinga izinsiza ezengeziwe (okusho ukuthi zibiza kakhulu) ukuze zikhiqize futhi zicwengisise imikhiqizo yazo.Ipulasitiki inikeza eminye yemisebenzi yensimbi kuyilapho idinga isisindo esincane futhi ishibhile kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe noma yiziphi izakhiwo zepulasitiki ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. izinto zokwakha ezesabekayo: izinto zikagesi zepulasitiki aziyona into enhle, futhi akekho ofuna ukuhlala endlini yepulasitiki.Ukwengeza, zivame ukucwengwa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukhuni lwemvelo lungaqhudelana nezinsimbi namapulasitiki.Imizi eminingi yemindeni yakhiwe phezu kohlaka lwezinkuni.Inkinga ukuthi ukhuni lwemvelo luthambile kakhulu futhi lonakaliswa kalula ngamanzi ukuze luthathe indawo yepulasitiki nensimbi isikhathi esiningi.Iphepha lakamuva elishicilelwe kumagazini i-Matter lihlola ukudalwa kwempahla yokhuni oluqinile olunqoba le mikhawulo.Lolu cwaningo lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekudalweni kwemimese yokhuni.Ingabe isikhathi eside kangakanani imimese yokhuni kanye nezinzipho uzoyisebenzisa kanjani?
Isakhiwo esine-fibrous sokhuni siqukethe cishe i-cellulose engu-50%, i-polymer yemvelo enezakhiwo zamandla okuhle ngokomqondo.Ingxenye esele yesakhiwo sokhuni ikakhulukazi i-lignin ne-hemicellulose.Nakuba i-cellulose yakha imicu emide, eqinile ehlinzeka ngokhuni ngomgogodla wamandla ayo emvelo, i-hemicellulose inesakhiwo esincane esivumelanayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ayifaki lutho emandleni e-fiber cellulose. imisebenzi ewusizo ngokhuni oluphilayo.Kodwa ngenjongo yabantu yokuhlanganisa ukhuni nokuhlanganisa imicu ye-cellulose iqine, i-lignin yaba isithiyo.
Kulolu cwaningo, izinkuni zemvelo zenziwe zibe ukhuni oluqinile (HW) ngezinyathelo ezine.Okokuqala, izinkuni zibiliswa nge-sodium hydroxide kanye ne-sodium sulfate ukuze kukhishwe ezinye ze-hemicellulose ne-lignin.Ngemva kwalokhu kwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, izinkuni ziba denser ngokucindezela emshinini amahora ambalwa ekamelweni lokushisa.Lokhu kunciphisa izikhala zemvelo noma ama-pores esikhumbeni se-fiber futhi kuthuthukisa i-fiber cell. ukhuni lucindezelwa ku-105° C (221° F) amahora ambalwa ukuze luqedele ukuminyana, bese lomiswa.Ekugcineni, izinkuni zicwiliswa emafutheni amaminerali amahora angu-48 ukuze umkhiqizo ophelile ungangeni manzi.
Isici esisodwa esiwumshini sesakhiwo sokuqina ubulukhuni bokungena, okuyisilinganiso sekhono laso lokumelana nokuguquguquka lapho sicindezelwa ngamandla.Idayimane liqinile kunensimbi, liqinile kunegolide, liqinile kunokhuni, futhi liqinile kunokupakisha igwebu.Phakathi kokuhlola okuningi kobunjiniyela okusetshenziselwa ukunquma ubulukhuni, njengobulukhuni be-Mohs obusetshenziswa ku-gemology, enye ye-Ball bearing yensimbi iyisivivinyo esilula: I-Brinell test. icindezelwe endaweni yokuhlola ngamandla athile.Linganisa ububanzi bokuhlehlisa okuyindilinga okudalwe yibhola.Inani lobulukhuni beBrinell libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula yezibalo; uma sikhuluma nje, imbobo ibhola elihlabayo iba nkulu, kwenza into ithambe.Kulokhu kuhlolwa, i-HW ilukhuni izikhathi ezingu-23 kunokhuni lwemvelo.
Iningi lezinkuni zemvelo ezingaphenduliwe zizomunca amanzi.Lokhu kungandisa izinkuni futhi ekugcineni kucekele phansi izakhiwo zayo zesakhiwo.Ababhali basebenzise i-mineral soak yezinsuku ezimbili ukwandisa ukumelana kwamanzi kwe-HW, okwenza kube yi-hydrophobic ("ukwesaba amanzi").Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrophobicity kuhilela ukubeka iconsi lamanzi phezu komhlaba.The more hydrophobic the surface, the more hydrophobic the surface, the more hydrosphelic drops. ("othanda amanzi") ngaphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isakaza amaconsi flat (futhi kamuva imunca amanzi kalula).Ngakho-ke, ukucwiliswa kwamaminerali akukhulisi nje ngokuphawulekayo i-hydrophobicity ye-HW, kodwa futhi kuvimbela izinkuni ekubambeni umswakama.
Kwezinye izivivinyo zobunjiniyela, imimese ye-HW yenze kangcono kancane kunemimese yensimbi.Ababhali bathi ummese we-HW ubukhali ngokuphindwe kathathu kunommese otholakalayo othengiswayo.Nokho, kukhona isixwayiso ngalo mphumela othokozisayo.Abacwaningi baqhathanisa imimese yetafula, noma lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi imimese yebhotela.Lokhu akuhloselwe ukuba kube isizathu esibukhali sokusika ummese womuntu omdala. mhlawumbe usike i-steak efanayo ngohlangothi olubuthuntu lwemfoloko yensimbi, futhi ummese we-steak ungasebenza kangcono kakhulu.
Kuthiwani ngezipikili?Isikhonkwane esisodwa se-HW singabethelwa kalula esitakini samapulangwe amathathu, nakuba singenamininingwane njengoba silula uma siqhathaniswa nezinzipho zensimbi. Izikhonkwane zokhuni zingabe seziwabamba amapulangwe ndawonye, zimelane namandla azowawahlukanisa, cishe ngobulukhuni obufanayo nezikhonkwane zensimbi.
Ingabe izikhonkwane ze-HW zingcono ngezinye izindlela?Izikhonkwane zokhuni zilula, kodwa isisindo sesakhiwo asishayelwa ubukhulu bezikhonkwane ezisibamba ndawonye.Izikhonkwane zokhuni ngeke zigqwale.Kodwa-ke, ngeke zikwazi ukungenwa amanzi noma ukubola.
Akungabazeki ukuthi umbhali usungule inqubo yokwenza ukhuni lube namandla kunokhuni lwemvelo.Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwehadiwe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi othile kudinga ukufundwa okwengeziwe.Ingaba ishibhile futhi ingabi nezinsiza njengepulasitiki?Ingakwazi yini ukuncintisana nezinto zensimbi ezinamandla, ezikhangayo, ezingasetshenziswa kabusha ngokungenamkhawulo?Ucwaningo lwabo luphakamisa imibuzo ethokozisayo.Ubunjiniyela obuqhubekayo (futhi ekugcineni imakethe) buzobaphendula.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-13-2022
