I-Carbide yikilasi elisetshenziswa kakhulu lezinto zamathuluzi ze-high-speed machining (HSM), ezikhiqizwa izinqubo ze-powder metallurgy futhi zihlanganisa izinhlayiya ze-carbide eqinile (imvamisa i-tungsten carbide WC) kanye nokwakheka kwebhondi yensimbi ethambile. Njengamanje, kunamakhulu ama-carbides anosimende asuselwa ku-WC anezingoma ezihlukene, iningi lawo asebenzisa i-cobalt (Co) njenge-binder, i-nickel (Ni) kanye ne-chromium (Cr) nazo ziyizici ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezihlanganisayo, kanti ezinye zingangezwa. . ezinye izakhi ze-alloying. Kungani kunamabanga amaningi kangaka e-carbide? Abakhiqizi bamathuluzi bakhetha kanjani ithuluzi elifanele lomsebenzi othile wokusika? Ukuze uphendule le mibuzo, ake siqale sibheke izici ezihlukahlukene ezenza i-carbide enosimende ibe yithuluzi elifanele.
ubulukhuni nokuqina
I-WC-Co cemented carbide inezinzuzo eziyingqayizivele kokubili ubulukhuni nokuqina. I-Tungsten carbide (WC) iqinile ngokwemvelo (ngaphezu kwe-corundum noma i-alumina), futhi ukuqina kwayo akuvamile ukwehla njengoba izinga lokushisa lokusebenza likhuphuka. Nokho, ayinakho ukuqina obanele, into ebalulekile yamathuluzi okusika. Ukuze basebenzise ubulukhuni obuphezulu be-tungsten carbide futhi bathuthukise ukuqina kwayo, abantu basebenzisa amabhondi ensimbi ukuze bahlanganise i-tungsten carbide ndawonye, ukuze le nto ibe nobulukhuni obudlula kakhulu obensimbi yesivinini esikhulu, kuyilapho ikwazi ukumelana nokusika okuningi. imisebenzi. ukusika amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu okusika okubangelwa umshini wejubane eliphezulu.
Namuhla, cishe yonke imimese ye-WC-Co kanye nezinto ezifakiwe ziboshwe, ngakho indima yezinto eziyisisekelo ibonakala ingabalulekile. Kodwa empeleni, i-modulus ephezulu enwebekayo yezinto ze-WC-Co (isilinganiso sokuqina, cishe esiphindwe kathathu kunesensimbi enesivinini esiphezulu ekamelweni lokushisa) ehlinzeka nge-substrate engaguquki yokugqoka. I-WC-Co matrix nayo ihlinzeka ngokuqina okudingekayo. Lezi zakhiwo ziyizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezinto ze-WC-Co, kodwa izinto ezibonakalayo zingalungiswa ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye ne-microstructure lapho kukhiqizwa izimpushana ze-carbide zikasimende. Ngakho-ke, ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwamathuluzi emshinini othile kuncike kakhulu enqubweni yokuqala yokugaya.
Inqubo yokugaya
I-tungsten carbide powder itholakala nge-carburizing tungsten (W) powder. Izici ze-tungsten carbide powder (ikakhulukazi usayizi wezinhlayiyana) zincike kakhulu kusayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-tungsten powder yempahla eluhlaza kanye nezinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi se-carburization. Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali nakho kubalulekile, futhi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kufanele kugcinwe njalo (kuseduze nenani le-stoichiometric lika-6.13% ngesisindo). Inani elincane le-vanadium kanye/noma i-chromium lingangezwa ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwe-carburizing ukuze kulawulwe usayizi wezinhlayiyana zempushana ngezinqubo ezilandelayo. Izimo ezihlukene zenqubo yezansi nomfula kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukile kokucubungula kudinga inhlanganisela ethile yosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-tungsten carbide, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, okuqukethwe kwe-vanadium nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium, okungakhiqizwa ngayo izinhlobonhlobo zezimpushana ze-tungsten carbide. Isibonelo, i-ATI Alldyne, umkhiqizi we-tungsten carbide powder, ukhiqiza amamaki angu-23 ajwayelekile e-tungsten carbide powder, futhi izinhlobo ze-tungsten carbide powder ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo zabasebenzisi zingafinyelela izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezi-5 zamamaki ajwayelekile e-tungsten carbide powder.
Lapho uxuba futhi ugaya i-tungsten carbide powder kanye nesibopho sensimbi ukukhiqiza izinga elithile le-carbide powder esimende, inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene ingasetshenziswa. Okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-3% - 25% (isilinganiso sesisindo), futhi esimweni sokudinga ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwethuluzi, kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-nickel ne-chromium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibopho sensimbi singathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokungeza ezinye izingxenye ze-alloy. Isibonelo, ukwengeza i-ruthenium ku-WC-Co cemented carbide kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina kwayo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ubulukhuni bayo. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-binder nakho kungathuthukisa ukuqina kwe-carbide enosimende, kodwa kuzonciphisa ubulukhuni bayo.
Ukunciphisa ubukhulu bezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide kungandisa ubulukhuni bezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana ze-tungsten carbide kumele buhlale bufana ngesikhathi senqubo ye-sintering. Phakathi ne-sintering, izinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide zihlangana futhi zikhule ngenqubo yokuhlakazeka nokuphindaphinda. Enqubweni yangempela ye-sintering, ukuze kwakhiwe into eminyene ngokugcwele, isibopho sensimbi siba uketshezi (okubizwa ngokuthi i-liquid phase sintering). Izinga lokukhula kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide lingalawulwa ngokungeza ezinye i-transition metal carbide, okuhlanganisa i-vanadium carbide (VC), i-chromium carbide (Cr3C2), i-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Lawa ma-carbide ensimbi ngokuvamile ayengezwa lapho i-tungsten carbide powder ixutshwa futhi igaywe ngesibopho sensimbi, nakuba i-vanadium carbide ne-chromium carbide ingase yakheke lapho i-tungsten carbide powder ikhishwa.
I-Tungsten carbide powder nayo ingakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa imfucuza egaywe kabusha eyenziwe usimende. Ukugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-scrap carbide kunomlando omude embonini ye-carbide enosimende futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yalo lonke uchungechunge lwezomnotho embonini, okusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo, ukulondoloza izinsiza zemvelo nokugwema ukuchithwa kwezinto. Ukulahlwa okulimazayo. I-carbide enosimende esilahliwe ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa kabusha inqubo ye-APT (ammonium paratungstate), inqubo yokutakula i-zinc noma ngokuchotshozwa. Lezi zimpushana ze-tungsten carbide “ezigaywe kabusha” ngokuvamile ziba nokuminyana okungcono, okubikezelwayo ngoba zinendawo encane kunezimpushana ze-tungsten carbide ezenziwe ngokuqondile ngenqubo ye-tungsten carburizing.
Izimo zokucubungula zokugaya okuxubile kwe-tungsten carbide powder kanye nesibopho sensimbi nazo ziyimingcele yenqubo ebalulekile. Izindlela ezimbili zokugaya ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukugaya ibhola kanye ne-micromilling. Zombili izinqubo zivumela ukuxuba okufanayo kwezimpushana ezigayiwe kanye nosayizi oncishisiwe wezinhlayiyana. Ukuze wenze i-workpiece ecindezelwe kamuva ibe namandla anele, igcine umumo we-workpiece, futhi inike amandla u-opharetha noma i-manipulator ukuthi ithathe i-workpiece ukuze isebenze, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-binder yezinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi sokugaya. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwalesi sibopho kungathinta ukuminyana namandla omsebenzi ocindezelwe. Ukuze kube lula ukuphatha, kuhle ukwengeza izibophezelo ezinamandla, kodwa lokhu kubangela ukuminyana okuphansi futhi kungase kukhiqize izigaxa ezingabangela ukukhubazeka emkhiqizweni wokugcina.
Ngemva kokugaya, impushana ivame ukufuthwa-yomiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-agglomerate agelezayo ahlanganiswe ndawonye yizibophezelo eziphilayo. Ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwe-organic binder, ukugeleza nokuminyana kweshaja kwalawa ma-agglomerate kungenziwa ngendlela othanda ngayo. Ngokuhlola izinhlayiya ezimahhadla noma ezicolekile, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-agglomerate kungenziwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukugeleza okuhle uma kulayishwa emgodini wokubumba.
Ukukhiqiza izingcezu zokusebenza
Ama-workpieces e-Carbide angakhiwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zenqubo. Ngokuya ngosayizi we-workpiece, izinga lobunzima bomumo, kanye neqoqo lokukhiqiza, ukufakwa okuningi kokusika kuyabunjwa kusetshenziswa i-top- and bottom-pressure rigid dies. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana kwesisindo nosayizi we-workpiece ngesikhathi sokucindezela ngakunye, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani lempushana (isisindo nevolumu) eligeleza emgodini lifana ncamashi. I-fluidity yempushana ilawulwa ngokuyinhloko ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wama-agglomerate kanye nezakhiwo ze-organic binder. Izingcezu zokusebenza ezibunjiwe (noma “izikhala”) zakhiwa ngokufaka ingcindezi yokubumba engu-10-80 ksi (amakhilogremu angamakhilogremu ngonyawo lwesikwele) kumpushana olayishwe emgodini wokukhunta.
Ngisho nangaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme kakhulu yokubumba, izinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide eziqinile ngeke ziwohloke noma ziphuke, kodwa i-organic binder icindezelwa ezikhaleni phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide, ngaleyo ndlela ilungisa indawo yezinhlayiya. Lapho ingcindezi iphakeme, kuqina ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide futhi kukhulu ukuminyana komsebenzi womsebenzi. Izakhiwo zokubumba zamabanga empushana ye-carbide enosimende zingahluka, kuye ngokuqukethwe kwe-metallic binder, usayizi nokuma kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide, izinga lokuhlangana, kanye nokwakheka nokwengezwa kwe-organic binder. Ukuze unikeze ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezakhiwo zokuhlanganisa amamaki ezimpushana ze-carbide zikasimende, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuminyana kokubumba nokucindezela kokubumba kuvame ukuklanywa futhi kwakhiwe umkhiqizi wempushana. Lolu lwazi luqinisekisa ukuthi impushana enikeziwe iyahambisana nenqubo yokubumba yomkhiqizi wamathuluzi.
Izinto zokusebenza ze-carbide ezinosayizi omkhulu noma izinto zokusebenza ze-carbide ezine-aspect ratios ephezulu (njengama-shanks omshini wokugaya nama-drill) ngokuvamile akhiqizwa kusukela kumabanga acindezelwe ngokufanayo empushana ye-carbide esikhwameni esivumelana nezimo. Nakuba umjikelezo wokukhiqiza wendlela yokucindezela okulinganiselayo umude kunendlela yokubumba, izindleko zokukhiqiza ithuluzi ziphansi, ngakho le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba encane.
Le ndlela yenqubo ukufaka i-powder esikhwameni, bese uvala umlomo wesikhwama, bese ubeka isikhwama esigcwele impushana ekamelweni, bese usebenzisa ukucindezela kwe-30-60ksi ngokusebenzisa idivayisi ye-hydraulic ukuze ucindezele. Ama-workpieces acindezelwe avame ukufakwa ngomshini kumajiyometri athile ngaphambi kokucwiliswa. Usayizi wesaka uyakhuliswa ukuze uvumelane nokuncipha kocezu lokusebenza ngesikhathi sokuminyana kanye nokunikeza umkhawulo owanele wokusebenza kokugaya. Njengoba i-workpiece idinga ukucutshungulwa ngemva kokucindezela, izidingo zokuvumelana kokushaja aziqinile njengalezo zendlela yokubumba, kodwa kusadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani elifanayo lempushana lilayishwa esikhwameni isikhathi ngasinye. Uma ukuminyana kokushaja kwempushana kukuncane kakhulu, kungase kuholele ekungeneni kwempushana esikhwameni, okuholele ekutheni ucezu lokusebenza lube luncane kakhulu futhi kudingeke ukuba kuchithwe. Uma ukuminyana kokulayisha kwe-powder kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi i-powder elayishwe esikhwameni ikhulu kakhulu, i-workpiece idinga ukucutshungulwa ukuze isuse i-powder eyengeziwe ngemva kokucindezelwa. Nakuba impushana eyeqile ekhishiwe kanye nezinto zokusebenza ezilahliwe zingagaywa kabusha, ukwenza kanjalo kunciphisa ukukhiqiza.
Ama-workpieces e-Carbide nawo angakhiwa kusetshenziswa i-extrusion dies noma ukufa komjovo. Inqubo yokubumba i-extrusion ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwenqwaba yeziqephu zokusebenza zomumo we-axisymmetric, kuyilapho inqubo yokubumba umjovo ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi beziqephu zokusebenzela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuzo zombili izinqubo zokubumba, amamaki e-carbide powder enziwe usimende amisiwe ku-organic binder enikeza ukufana okufana nokuxubha amazinyo kungxube ye-carbide enosimende. Inhlanganisela ibe isikhishwa ngembobo noma ijovelwe emgodini ukuze yakheke. Izici zebanga le-carbide powder cemented zinquma isilinganiso esiphezulu se-powder kuya ku-binder engxube, futhi zibe nethonya elibalulekile ekugelezeni kwengxube ngembobo yokukhipha noma umjovo ungene emgodini.
Ngemuva kokuthi ucezu lomsebenzi lwakhiwe ngokubunjwa, ukucindezela kwe-isostatic, ukukhishwa kwe-extrusion noma umjovo, i-organic binder idinga ukususwa ku-workpiece ngaphambi kwesiteji sokugcina se-sintering. I-Sintering isusa i-porosity ku-workpiece, iyenze iminyene ngokugcwele (noma kakhulu). Ngesikhathi se-sintering, isibopho sensimbi ku-workpiece esakhiwe ngokucindezela siba uketshezi, kodwa i-workpiece igcina isimo sayo ngaphansi kwesenzo esihlangene samandla e-capillary kanye nokuxhuma kwezinhlayiyana.
Ngemuva kokucwenga, i-geometry ye-workpiece ihlala ifana, kodwa ubukhulu buyancipha. Ukuze uthole usayizi odingekayo womsebenzi womsebenzi ngemva kokucwiliswa, izinga lokuncipha lidinga ukucatshangelwa lapho uklama ithuluzi. Ibanga le-carbide powder elisetshenziselwa ukwenza ithuluzi ngalinye kumele lenzelwe ukuthi libe nokuncipha okulungile lapho lihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwengcindezi efanele.
Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, ukwelashwa kwe-post-sintering ye-workpiece ye-sintered kuyadingeka. Ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo kakhulu kwamathuluzi okusika ukulola unqenqema lokusika. Amathuluzi amaningi adinga ukugaywa kwejiyomethri nobukhulu bawo ngemva kokucwenga. Amanye amathuluzi adinga ukugaya phezulu naphansi; ezinye zidinga ukugaya okuzungezile (ngokulola noma ngaphandle kokulola unqenqema lokusika). Wonke ama-carbide chips asuka ekugayweni angagaywa kabusha.
I-workpiece enamathela
Ezimweni eziningi, i-workpiece eqediwe idinga ukumbozwa. I-coating inikeza ukuthambisa kanye nobunzima obuningi, kanye nomgoqo wokusabalalisa ku-substrate, ukuvimbela i-oxidation lapho ibhekene nokushisa okuphezulu. I-substrate ye-carbide enosimende ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-coating. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa izakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-matrix powder, izakhiwo ezingaphezulu ze-matrix zingabuye zihlotshaniswe nokukhethwa kwamakhemikhali nokushintsha indlela ye-sintering. Ngokufuduka kwe-cobalt, i-cobalt eyengeziwe ingacetshiswa ungqimba olungaphandle lwe-blade ngaphakathi kogqinsi lwama-20-30 μm uma kuqhathaniswa nayo yonke ingxenye yomsebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze ingaphezulu le-substrate amandla angcono nokuqina, kuyenze ibe ngaphezulu. ukumelana ne-deformation.
Ngokusekelwe enqubweni yabo yokukhiqiza (efana nendlela yokukhipha i-wax, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokucwilisa, izinga lokushisa kanye ne-carburizing voltage), umkhiqizi wamathuluzi angase abe nezimfuneko ezithile ezikhethekile zebanga lempushana kasimende esetshenzisiwe. Abanye abenzi bamathuluzi bangase bacwilise ucezu lomsebenzi esithandweni somlilo, kuyilapho abanye bangasebenzisa isithando somlilo se-isostatic pressing (HIP) esishisayo (ecindezela ucezu lomsebenzi ngasekupheleni komjikelezo wenqubo ukuze kukhishwe noma yiziphi izinsalela) izimbotshana). Ama-workpieces afakwe esithandweni se-vacuum angase adinge ukushiswa ngokwe-isostatically ngokusebenzisa inqubo eyengeziwe ukuze kwandiswe ukuminyana komsebenzi. Abanye abakhiqizi bamathuluzi bangasebenzisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu e-vacuum sintering ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwe-sintered yezingxube ezinokuqukethwe kwe-cobalt ephansi, kodwa le ndlela ingase yenze i-microstructure yabo ibe lukhuni. Ukuze kugcinwe usayizi omuhle wokusanhlamvu, ama-powders anezinhlayiyana ezincane ze-tungsten carbide angakhethwa. Ukuze uhambisane nemishini ethile yokukhiqiza, izimo zokudonswa kwe-waxing kanye ne-carburizing voltage nazo zinezidingo ezihlukile zokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ku-powder kasimende ye-carbide.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwebanga
Inhlanganisela yezinguquko zezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-tungsten carbide powder, ukwakheka kwengxube nokuqukethwe kwe-binder yensimbi, uhlobo nenani le-inhibitor yokukhula okusanhlamvu, njll., kuhlanganisa amamaki e-carbide ahlukahlukene. Le mingcele izonquma i-microstructure ye-carbide enosimende kanye nezakhiwo zayo. Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezithile zezakhiwo seziyizinto eziza kuqala kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zokucubungula, okwenza kube nenjongo ukuhlukanisa amamaki e-carbide ahlukahlukene.
Izindlela ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhlukanisa i-carbide zezinhlelo zokusebenza zemishini uhlelo lokuqoka u-C kanye nohlelo lokuqoka lwe-ISO. Nakuba kungekho sistimu ebonisa ngokugcwele izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ezithonya ukukhethwa kwamabanga e-carbide enosimende, zinikeza isiqalo sengxoxo. Ngokwesigaba ngasinye, abakhiqizi abaningi banamabanga abo akhethekile, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zamamaki e-carbide.
Amabanga e-Carbide nawo angahlukaniswa ngokubunjwa. Amamaki e-Tungsten carbide (WC) angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: elula, i-microcrystalline ne-alloyed. Amabanga e-Simplex ahlanganisa ngokuyinhloko ama-tungsten carbide nama-cobalt binders, kodwa angase futhi aqukathe amanani amancane ama-grain growth inhibitors. Ibanga le-microcrystalline lakhiwe nge-tungsten carbide kanye ne-cobalt binder engezwe ngezinkulungwane ezimbalwa ze-vanadium carbide (VC) kanye (noma) i-chromium carbide (Cr3C2), futhi usayizi wayo wokusanhlamvu ungafinyelela ku-1 μm noma ngaphansi. Amamaki e-alloy akhiwe ngama-tungsten carbide nama-cobalt binder aqukethe amaphesenti ambalwa e-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Lezi zengezo zaziwa nangokuthi yi-cubic carbides ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezishisayo. I-microstructure ewumphumela ibonisa ukwakheka kwezigaba ezintathu ezilinganayo.
1) Amamaki e-carbide alula
Lawa mabanga okusika insimbi ngokuvamile aqukethe i-cobalt engu-3% kuya ku-12% (ngesisindo). Ububanzi bezinhlamvu ze-tungsten carbide ngokuvamile buphakathi kuka-1-8 μm. Njengakwamanye amamaki, ukwehlisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-tungsten carbide kukhulisa ubulukhuni bayo namandla okuqhekeka okuguquguqukayo (TRS), kodwa kunciphisa ukuqina kwayo. Ubulukhuni bohlobo oluhlanzekile ngokuvamile buphakathi kwe-HRA89-93.5; amandla okuqhekeka okuphambene ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-175-350ksi. Izimpushana zala mabanga zingaqukatha izinto eziningi ezigaywe kabusha.
Amabanga ohlobo olula angahlukaniswa abe yi-C1-C4 ohlelweni lwebanga C, futhi angahlukaniswa ngokuya ngochungechunge lwebanga K, N, S kanye no-H ohlelweni lwebanga le-ISO. Amamaki e-Simplex anezakhiwo ezimaphakathi angahlukaniswa njengamamaki enhloso evamile (njenge-C2 noma i-K20) futhi angasetshenziselwa ukuguqula, ukugaya, ukuhlela nokubhora; amamaki anosayizi omncane wokusanhlamvu noma okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt ephansi nobulukhuni obuphakeme angahlukaniswa njengamabanga okuqeda (njenge-C4 noma i-K01); amamaki anosayizi omkhudlwana wokusanhlamvu noma okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt ephakeme kanye nokuqina okungcono kungahlukaniswa njengamamaki amabi (njenge-C1 noma i-K30).
Amathuluzi enziwe ngamamaki e-Simplex angasetshenziselwa ukukhanda insimbi eyinsimbi, uchungechunge lwama-200 no-300 lwensimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium nezinye izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi, ama-superalloy nezinsimbi eziqinile. Lawa mabanga angasetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zokusika okungezona ezensimbi (isb njengamathuluzi okumba amatshe nawe-geological), futhi lawa mabanga anobubanzi obungangezinhlamvu obuyi-1.5-10μm (noma ngaphezulu) kanye ne-cobalt engu-6% -16%. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okungeyona insimbi okusika amamaki alula e-carbide kukwenza ama-dies and punches. Lawa mabanga avamise ukuba nosayizi wokusanhlamvu omaphakathi nokuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okungu-16% -30%.
(2) Amamaki e-carbide enziwe nge-Microcrystalline
Amabanga anjalo ngokuvamile aqukethe i-cobalt engu-6% -15%. Ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa kwesigaba soketshezi, ukungezwa kwe-vanadium carbide kanye/noma i-chromium carbide kungalawula ukukhula okusanhlamvu ukuze kutholwe isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esihle esinosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphansi kuka-1 μm. Leli banga elicolile linobulukhuni obuphezulu kakhulu namandla okuqhekeka okuphambene angaphezu kuka-500ksi. Inhlanganisela yamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina okwanele kuvumela lawa mabanga ukuthi asebenzise i-engeli ye-rake ekhudlwana, enciphisa amandla okusika futhi ikhiqize ama-chips amancane ngokusika kunokusunduza insimbi.
Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlonza okuqinile kwekhwalithi yezinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amamaki e-carbide powder enosimende, nokulawula okuqinile kwezimo zenqubo ye-sintering ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu ngokungavamile ku-microstructure yezinto ezibonakalayo, kungenzeka ukuthola izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezifanele. Ukuze ugcine usayizi wokusanhlamvu umncane futhi ufana, impushana egaywe kabusha kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela uma kukhona ukulawula okugcwele kwempahla eluhlaza kanye nenqubo yokubuyisela, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okubanzi.
Amamaki e-microcrystalline angahlukaniswa ngokochungechunge lwebanga le-M ohlelweni lwebanga le-ISO. Ukwengeza, ezinye izindlela zokuhlukanisa ohlelweni lwebanga C kanye nohlelo lwebanga le-ISO ziyefana namabanga amsulwa. Amamaki e-Microcrystalline angasetshenziswa ukwenza amathuluzi asika izinto zokusebenza ezithambile, ngoba ingaphezulu lethuluzi lingenziwa ngomshini libushelelezi kakhulu futhi lingagcina umphetho obukhali kakhulu.
Amamaki e-Microcrystalline angasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel, njengoba ekwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa afika ku-1200°C. Ukuze kucutshungulwe ama-superalloys nezinye izinto ezikhethekile, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi ebanga le-microcrystalline namathuluzi webanga elihlanzekile aqukethe i-ruthenium angathuthukisa ngasikhathi sinye ukumelana nokugqokwa kwawo, ukumelana nokuguquguquka kanye nokuqina. Amamaki e-Microcrystalline nawo afanele ukwenziwa kwamathuluzi ajikelezayo njengama-drill akhiqiza ingcindezi ye-shear. Kukhona i-drill eyenziwe ngamamaki ayinhlanganisela ye-carbide enosimende. Ezingxenyeni ezithile zokubhoboza okufanayo, okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt kokubalulekile kuyahlukahluka, ukuze ubulukhuni nokuqina kwe-drill kuthuthukiswe ngokuya ngezidingo zokucubungula.
(3) Uhlobo lwe-alloy amamaki e-carbide anosimende
Lawa mabanga asetshenziselwa ukusika izingxenye zensimbi, futhi okuqukethwe kwawo kwe-cobalt kuvame ukuba ngu-5% -10%, kanti usayizi wokusanhlamvu usukela ku-0.8-2μm. Ngokungeza u-4% -25% we-titanium carbide (TiC), ukuthambekela kwe-tungsten carbide (WC) ukusabalala ebusweni bezinsimbi zensimbi kungancishiswa. Amandla wamathuluzi, ukumelana nokugqoka kwe-crater kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo kungathuthukiswa ngokungeza kufikela ku-25% we-tantalum carbide (TaC) ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Ukwengezwa kwe-cubic carbides enjalo kwandisa ubulukhuni obubomvu bethuluzi, okusiza ukugwema ukuguqulwa kokushisa kwethuluzi ekusikeni okunzima noma eminye imisebenzi lapho umkhawulo wokusika uzokhiqiza ukushisa okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-titanium carbide ingahlinzeka ngezindawo ze-nucleation ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa, ithuthukise ukufana kokusatshalaliswa kwe-cubic carbide endaweni yokusebenza.
Ngokuvamile, ububanzi bokuqina bamabanga e-carbide e-alloy-simende yi-HRA91-94, futhi amandla okuphuka okuphambene angama-150-300ksi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namamaki amsulwa, amamaki e-alloy anokumelana nokungagugi kahle namandla aphansi, kodwa anokumelana kangcono nokunamathelisa. Amabanga engxubevange angahlukaniswa abe yi-C5-C8 ohlelweni lwebanga C, futhi angahlukaniswa ngokuya ngochungechunge lwebanga elingu-P no-M ohlelweni lwebanga le-ISO. Amamaki e-alloy anezakhiwo eziphakathi angahlukaniswa njengamabanga enhloso ejwayelekile (njenge-C6 noma i-P30) futhi angasetshenziselwa ukuphenduka, ukuthepha, ukuhlela nokugaya. Amabanga anzima kakhulu angahlukaniswa njengamabanga okuqeda (afana ne-C8 ne-P01) ukuze aqedele imisebenzi yokujika kanye nenesicefe. Lawa mabanga avamise ukuba namasayizi amancane okusanhlamvu kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-cobalt ephansi ukuze athole ubulukhuni obudingekayo kanye nokumelana nokugqoka. Kodwa-ke, izinto ezifanayo ezibonakalayo zingatholakala ngokungeza ama-cubic carbides amaningi. Amabanga aqine kakhulu angahlukaniswa njengamamaki alukhuni (isb. C5 noma P50). Lawa mabanga avamise ukuba nosayizi omaphakathi wokusanhlamvu nokuqukethwe kwe-cobalt ephezulu, okunezengezo eziphansi zama-cubic carbides ukuze kuzuzwe ukuqina okufunayo ngokuvimbela ukukhula kokuqhekeka. Emisebenzini yokuguqula ephazamisekile, ukusebenza kokusika kungathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa amamaki acebile e-cobalt ashiwo ngenhla anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-cobalt endaweni yamathuluzi.
Amamaki e-alloy anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-titanium carbide asetshenziselwa ukukhanda insimbi engagqwali nensimbi ethambile, kodwa angasetshenziswa futhi ekwenzeni izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi njengama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel. Usayizi wokusanhlamvu walawa mabanga ngokuvamile ungaphansi kwe-1 μm, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt kungu-8% -12%. Amabanga aqinile, njenge-M10, angasetshenziselwa ukuguqula insimbi ethambile; amabanga aqinile, njenge-M40, angasetshenziselwa ukugaya kanye nensimbi yokuhlela, noma ukuguqula insimbi engagqwali noma ama-superalloy.
Amamaki e-carbide enziwe nge-alloy nawo angasetshenziselwa izinjongo zokusika okungezona ezensimbi, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni izingxenye ezingagugi. Usayizi wezinhlayiyana zala mabanga ngokuvamile u-1.2-2 μm, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt kungu-7% -10%. Lapho kukhiqizwa lawa mabanga, iphesenti eliphezulu lezinto ezingavuthiwe ezigaywe kabusha ngokuvamile ziyengezwa, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwezindleko ezisetshenziswayo zezingxenye ezigugile. Izingxenye zokugqoka zidinga ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kanye nobulukhuni obuphezulu, okungatholakala ngokungeza i-nickel ne-chromium carbide lapho kukhiqizwa lawa mabanga.
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho zabakhiqizi bamathuluzi, i-carbide powder iyisici esibalulekile. Ama-Powders aklanyelwe imishini yokwenza abakhiqizi bamathuluzi kanye nemingcele yenqubo aqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-workpiece eqediwe futhi abangele amakhulu amamaki e-carbide. Imvelo egaywa kabusha yezinto ze-carbide kanye nekhono lokusebenza ngqo nabahlinzeki bempushana kuvumela abenzi bamathuluzi ukuthi balawule ngempumelelo ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wabo kanye nezindleko zempahla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-18-2022
