I-Carbide iyisigaba esisetshenziswa kakhulu sezinto zamathuluzi omshini wesivinini esikhulu (HSM), ezikhiqizwa ngezinqubo ze-powder metallurgy futhi ziqukethe izinhlayiya ze-carbide eqinile (ngokuvamile i-tungsten carbide WC) kanye nokwakheka kwe-bond yensimbi ethambile. Njengamanje, kunezinkulungwane zama-carbide asekelwe ku-WC anezinhlanganisela ezahlukene, eziningi zazo ezisebenzisa i-cobalt (Co) njenge-binder, i-nickel (Ni) kanye ne-chromium (Cr) nazo ziyizinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-binder, kanti ezinye zingangezwa. Kungani kunezinhlobo eziningi kangaka ze-carbide? Abakhiqizi bamathuluzi bakhetha kanjani izinto zamathuluzi ezifanele zomsebenzi othile wokusika? Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, ake siqale sibheke izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ezenza i-carbide efakwe i-cement ibe yinto yamathuluzi efanelekile.
ubulukhuni nokuqina
I-carbide ehlanganiswe nge-cemented ye-WC-Co inezinzuzo ezihlukile kokubili ebulukhunini nasekuqineni. I-carbide ye-Tungsten (WC) iqinile kakhulu ngokwemvelo (ngaphezu kwe-corundum noma i-alumina), futhi ubulukhuni bayo abuvamile ukwehla njengoba izinga lokushisa lokusebenza likhuphuka. Kodwa-ke, ayinabo ubulukhuni obanele, okuyisici esibalulekile samathuluzi okusika. Ukuze basebenzise ubulukhuni obuphezulu be-carbide ye-tungsten futhi bathuthukise ubulukhuni bayo, abantu basebenzisa izibopho zensimbi ukubopha i-carbide ye-tungsten ndawonye, ukuze le nto ibe nobulukhuni obudlula kakhulu obensimbi yesivinini esikhulu, kuyilapho ikwazi ukumelana nemisebenzi eminingi yokusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu okusika abangelwa ukushintshwa kwesivinini esikhulu.
Namuhla, cishe yonke imimese ye-WC-Co kanye nezifakelo zimboziwe, ngakho-ke indima yezinto eziyisisekelo ibonakala ingabalulekile kangako. Kodwa empeleni, yi-modulus ephezulu yokunwebeka kwezinto ze-WC-Co (isilinganiso sokuqina, okuphindwe kathathu kunensimbi esheshayo ekushiseni kwegumbi) enikeza i-substrate engaguquki yokwembozwa. I-matrix ye-WC-Co iphinde inikeze ukuqina okudingekayo. Lezi zakhiwo ziyizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezinto ze-WC-Co, kodwa izakhiwo zezinto zingalungiswa ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwezinto kanye nesakhiwo esincane lapho kukhiqizwa ufulawa we-carbide oqinisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwamathuluzi kumishini ethile kuncike kakhulu enkambisweni yokuqala yokugaya.
Inqubo yokugaya
Impuphu ye-tungsten carbide itholakala ngempuphu ye-tungsten (W) egayiwe. Izici zempuphu ye-tungsten carbide (ikakhulukazi usayizi wayo wezinhlayiya) zincike kakhulu kusayizi wezinhlayiya zempuphu ye-tungsten yezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokushisa nesikhathi se-carburization. Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali nakho kubalulekile, futhi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kumele kugcinwe kungaguquki (eduze nenani le-stoichiometric elingu-6.13% ngesisindo). Inani elincane le-vanadium kanye/noma i-chromium lingangezwa ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwe-carburizing ukuze kulawulwe usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-powder ngezinqubo ezilandelayo. Izimo zenqubo ezahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukile kokucubungula kudinga inhlanganisela ethile yosayizi wezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, okuqukethwe kwe-vanadium kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium, lapho kungakhiqizwa khona izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide. Isibonelo, i-ATI Alldyne, umkhiqizi wempuphu ye-tungsten carbide, ikhiqiza amazinga ajwayelekile angu-23 empuphu ye-tungsten carbide, kanti izinhlobo zempuphu ye-tungsten carbide ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo zomsebenzisi zingafinyelela izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezi-5 kunezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zempuphu ye-tungsten carbide.
Uma uxuba futhi ugaya i-tungsten carbide powder kanye ne-metal bond ukuze ukhiqize izinga elithile le-cemented carbide powder, kungasetshenziswa inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene. Okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okusetshenziswa kakhulu kungu-3% - 25% (isilinganiso sesisindo), futhi uma kudingeka ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwethuluzi, kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-nickel ne-chromium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-metal bond ingathuthukiswa ngokungeza ezinye izingxenye ze-alloy. Isibonelo, ukwengeza i-ruthenium ku-WC-Co cemented carbide kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina kwayo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuqina kwayo. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-binder kungathuthukisa nokuqina kwe-cemented carbide, kodwa kuzonciphisa ukuqina kwayo.
Ukunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide kungandisa ubulukhuni bezinto, kodwa usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide kumele uhlale ufana ngesikhathi senqubo yokusila. Ngesikhathi sokusila, izinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide ziyahlangana futhi zikhule ngenqubo yokuncibilika nokuphindaphinda. Enkambisweni yangempela yokusila, ukuze kwakheke izinto eziqinile ngokuphelele, isibopho sensimbi siba uketshezi (okuthiwa yi-liquid phase sintering). Izinga lokukhula kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide lingalawulwa ngokungeza amanye ama-transition metal carbide, okuhlanganisa i-vanadium carbide (VC), i-chromium carbide (Cr3C2), i-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), kanye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Lawa ma-metal carbide avame ukungezwa lapho i-tungsten carbide powder ixutshwa futhi igaywa ngesibopho sensimbi, yize i-vanadium carbide kanye ne-chromium carbide kungakhiwa nalapho i-tungsten carbide powder ishiswa i-carburide.
Impuphu ye-tungsten carbide ingakhiqizwa futhi ngokusebenzisa izinto ze-carbide ezisetshenziswe kabusha ezifakwe ukhonkolo. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-carbide eyisicaba kunomlando omude embonini ye-carbide efakwe ukhonkolo futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yochungechunge lwezomnotho lwalo lonke imboni, okusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo, ukonga izinsiza zemvelo nokugwema izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ukulahlwa okuyingozi. I-carbide eyisicaba efakwe ukhonkolo ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa kabusha ngenqubo ye-APT (ammonium paratungstate), inqubo yokubuyisa i-zinc noma ngokuyichoboza. Lezi zimpuphu ze-tungsten carbide "ezisetshenziswe kabusha" ngokuvamile zinokuqina okungcono nokubikezelwayo ngoba zinendawo encane kunezimpuphu ze-tungsten carbide ezenziwe ngqo ngenqubo ye-tungsten carburizing.
Izimo zokucubungula zokugaya okuxubile kwe-tungsten carbide powder kanye ne-metal bond nazo ziyimingcele ebalulekile yenqubo. Izindlela ezimbili zokugaya ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-ball milling kanye ne-micromilling. Zombili lezi zinqubo zivumela ukuxubana okufanayo kwama-powder aqoshiwe kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya ezincishisiwe. Ukuze umsebenzi ocindezelwe kamuva ube namandla anele, ugcine isimo somsebenzi, futhi unike amandla opharetha noma i-manipulator ukuthi athathe umsebenzi wokusebenza, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-organic binder ngesikhathi sokugaya. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwalesi sibopho kungathinta ubuningi namandla womsebenzi ocindezelwe. Ukuze kube lula ukuphatha, kuyacetyiswa ukwengeza ama-binder anamandla aphezulu, kodwa lokhu kuphumela ekuxineni okuphansi futhi kungaveza amaqhubu angabangela amaphutha kumkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ngemva kokugaya, impuphu ivame ukomiswa ngokufutha ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-agglomerate ageleza ngokukhululeka abanjwe ndawonye yizihlanganisi eziphilayo. Ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwe-organic binder, ukugeleza kanye nobuningi beshaja yalezi zihlanganisi kungenziwa ngendlela oyifunayo. Ngokuhlola izinhlayiya eziqinile noma ezincane, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya ze-agglomerate kungalungiswa ngokwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuhle lapho kulayishwa emgodini wesikhunta.
Ukukhiqiza izinto zokusebenza
Izingcezu zomsebenzi ze-Carbide zingakhiwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zenqubo. Kuye ngobukhulu besingcezu somsebenzi, izinga lobunzima bokuma, kanye nebhetshi yokukhiqiza, iningi lezingcezu zokusika zibunjwa kusetshenziswa ama-rigid dies aphezulu naphansi. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana kwesisindo kanye nosayizi wesingcezu somsebenzi ngesikhathi sokucindezela ngakunye, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani lempuphu (isisindo kanye nomthamo) eligeleza emgodini lifana ncamashi. Ukugeleza kwempuphu kulawulwa kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wama-agglomerate kanye nezakhiwo ze-organic binder. Izingcezu zomsebenzi ezibunjiwe (noma “izikhala”) zakhiwa ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi yokubumba engu-10-80 ksi (amakhilogremu amakhilogremu ngefidi lesikwele) kumpuphu elayishwe emgodini wokubumba.
Ngisho nangaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu yokubumba, izinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide eqinile ngeke zishintshe noma ziphuke, kodwa i-organic binder icindezelwa ezikhaleni eziphakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide, ngaleyo ndlela ilungise indawo yezinhlayiya. Uma ingcindezi iphakeme, ukubopha kwezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide kuqina kakhulu futhi ubukhulu bokuqina kwento yokusebenza bukhulu. Izakhiwo zokubumba zamabanga e-cemented carbide powder zingahluka, kuye ngokuqukethwe kwe-metallic binder, usayizi kanye nesimo sezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide, izinga lokuhlangana, kanye nokwakheka kanye nokwengezwa kwe-organic binder. Ukuze kunikezwe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezakhiwo zokubumba zamabanga e-cemented carbide powder, ubudlelwano phakathi kokubumba kanye nokucindezela kokubumba buvame ukwakhiwa futhi kwakhiwe umenzi we-powder. Lolu lwazi luqinisekisa ukuthi i-powder enikeziwe iyahambisana nenqubo yokubumba yomenzi wamathuluzi.
Izingcezu zokusebenza ze-carbide ezinkulu noma izingcezu zokusebenza ze-carbide ezinezilinganiso eziphezulu (njengezinsika zezigayo zokugcina kanye nama-drill) zivame ukwenziwa ngamamaki acindezelwe ngokulinganayo e-carbide powder esikhwameni esiguquguqukayo. Nakuba umjikelezo wokukhiqiza wendlela yokucindezela elinganiselayo umude kunowendlela yokubumba, izindleko zokukhiqiza zaleli thuluzi ziphansi, ngakho-ke le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kweqembu elincane.
Le ndlela yenqubo ukufaka i-powder esikhwameni, bese uvala umlomo wesikhwama, bese ufaka isikhwama esigcwele i-powder ekamelweni, bese usebenzisa ingcindezi engu-30-60ksi ngedivayisi ye-hydraulic ukuze ucindezele. Izingcezu zomsebenzi ezicindezelwe zivame ukushintshwa zibe yi-geometri ethile ngaphambi kokushiswa. Usayizi wesikhwama uyandiswa ukuze uvumelane nokuncipha kwezingcezu zomsebenzi ngesikhathi sokuqiniswa futhi unikeze umkhawulo owanele wemisebenzi yokugaya. Njengoba i-workpiece idinga ukucutshungulwa ngemva kokucindezela, izidingo zokuvumelana kokushaja aziqinile njengalezo zendlela yokubumba, kodwa kusadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani elifanayo le-powder lilayishwa esikhwameni isikhathi ngasinye. Uma ubuningi bokushaja be-powder buncane kakhulu, kungaholela ekutheni i-powder inganele esikhwameni, okuholela ekutheni i-workpiece ibe ncane kakhulu futhi kudingeke ilahlwe. Uma ubuningi bokulayisha be-powder buphezulu kakhulu, futhi i-powder elayishwe esikhwameni iningi kakhulu, i-workpiece idinga ukucutshungulwa ukuze kususwe i-powder eyengeziwe ngemva kokucindezelwa. Nakuba i-powder eyengeziwe esusiwe futhi elahliwe izingcezu zomsebenzi ingaphinde isetshenziswe, ukwenza kanjalo kunciphisa umkhiqizo.
Izingcezu zokusebenza ze-Carbide zingakhiwa futhi kusetshenziswa ama-extrusion dies noma ama-injection dies. Inqubo yokubumba i-extrusion ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwenqwaba yezingcezu zokusebenza zesimo se-axisymmetric, kuyilapho inqubo yokubumba i-injection ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yezingcezu zokusebenza zesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kuzo zombili izinqubo zokubumba, amazinga empuphu ye-carbide esimende alengiswe ku-binder ephilayo enikeza ukuqina okufana nokwe-toothpaste engxubeni ye-carbide esimende. Inhlanganisela ibe isikhishwa ngembobo noma ifakwe emgodini ukuze yakheke. Izici zebanga lempuphu ye-carbide esimende zinquma isilinganiso esifanele sempuphu ne-binder engxubeni, futhi zinethonya elibalulekile ekugelezeni kwengxube ngembobo yokukhipha noma ukujova emgodini.
Ngemva kokuba umsebenzi wokwakha ukwakheka ngokubumba, ukucindezela kwe-isostatic, ukukhipha noma ukubumba ngomjovo, i-organic binder idinga ukususwa emsebenzini wokwakha ngaphambi kwesigaba sokugcina sokubumba. Ukubumba kususa ama-porosity emsebenzini wokwakha, okwenza kube lukhuni ngokuphelele (noma kakhulu). Ngesikhathi sokubumba, isibopho sensimbi emsebenzini wokwakha owenziwe ngokucindezela siba uketshezi, kodwa umsebenzi wokwakha ugcina isimo sawo ngaphansi kwesenzo esihlangene samandla e-capillary kanye nokuxhumanisa kwezinhlayiya.
Ngemva kokusila, i-geometry ye-workpiece ihlala ifana, kodwa ubukhulu buyancishiswa. Ukuze kutholakale usayizi we-workpiece odingekayo ngemva kokusila, izinga lokusila kudingeka licatshangelwe lapho kuklanywa ithuluzi. Izinga le-carbide powder esetshenziswa ukwenza ithuluzi ngalinye kumele liklanywe ukuze libe nokusila okufanele uma liqiniswe ngaphansi kwengcindezi efanele.
Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, ukwelashwa ngemva kokusikwa kwento yokusebenza eqoshiwe kuyadingeka. Ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo kwamathuluzi okusika ukulola unqenqema lokusika. Amathuluzi amaningi adinga ukugaywa kwejometri nobukhulu bawo ngemva kokugaywa. Amanye amathuluzi adinga ukugaya phezulu naphansi; amanye adinga ukugaya okungaphandle (ngoba kulola unqenqema lokusika noma ngaphandle kwalo). Wonke ama-carbide chips avela ekugayweni angaphinde asetshenziswe.
Ukugqoka kwe-workpiece
Ezimweni eziningi, umsebenzi oqediwe udinga ukugqokwa. Ukugqoka kunikeza ukuthambisa kanye nokuqina okwandisiwe, kanye nesithiyo sokusabalalisa i-substrate, okuvimbela i-oxidation uma ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-substrate ye-carbide eqinisiwe ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kokugqoka. Ngaphezu kokulungisa izakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-matrix powder, izakhiwo zobuso be-matrix nazo zingalungiswa ngokukhethwa kwamakhemikhali nokushintsha indlela yokushisa. Ngokufuduka kwe-cobalt, i-cobalt eningi ingacebiswa engqimbeni engaphandle yobuso be-blade ngaphakathi kobukhulu obungu-20-30 μm uma kuqhathaniswa nolunye uhlangothi lomsebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze ubuso be-substrate amandla nokuqina okungcono, okwenza kube nzima ukumelana nokuguquguquka.
Ngokusekelwe enkambisweni yabo yokukhiqiza (njengendlela yokuxova, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokuxova, izinga lokushisa kanye ne-carburizing voltage), umenzi wamathuluzi angaba nezidingo ezithile ezikhethekile zezinga lempuphu ye-carbide esimende esetshenziswayo. Abanye abenzi bamathuluzi bangase baxove i-workpiece esithandweni somoya, kanti abanye bangasebenzisa i-hot isostatic pressing (HIP) sintering furnace (ecindezela i-workpiece eduze kokuphela komjikelezo wenqubo ukuze kususwe noma yiziphi izinsalela) izikhala). Ama-workpiece axovelwe esithandweni somoya angadinga futhi ukucindezelwa ngokushisa nge-isostatically ngenqubo eyengeziwe ukuze kwandiswe ubuningi be-workpiece. Abanye abakhiqizi bamathuluzi bangasebenzisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu e-vacuum sintering ukwandisa ubuningi be-sintered yezingxube ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-cobalt, kodwa le ndlela ingase iqinise isakhiwo sayo esincane. Ukuze kugcinwe usayizi omuhle wezinhlamvu, kungakhethwa ama-powder anezinhlayiya ezincane ze-tungsten carbide. Ukuze kufane nemishini ethile yokukhiqiza, izimo ze-dewaxing kanye ne-carburizing voltage nazo zinezidingo ezahlukene zokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kumpuphu ye-carbide esimende.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamabanga
Izinguquko ezihlanganisiwe zezinhlobo ezahlukene zempuphu ye-tungsten carbide, ukwakheka kwengxube kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-metal binder, uhlobo kanye nenani lokuvimbela ukukhula kokusanhlamvu, njll., kwakha izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabanga e-carbide aqinisiwe. Lezi zinhlaka zizonquma isakhiwo esincane se-carbide eqinisiwe kanye nezakhiwo zayo. Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezithile zezakhiwo sezibe yinto eza kuqala kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zokucubungula, okwenza kube nenjongo ukuhlukanisa amazinga ahlukahlukene e-carbide aqinisiwe.
Izinhlelo ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhlela i-carbide zezinhlelo zokusebenza zomshini uhlelo lokuqokwa kwe-C kanye nohlelo lokuqokwa kwe-ISO. Nakuba kungekho noyedwa ohlelweni olubonisa ngokugcwele izakhiwo zezinto ezithinta ukukhethwa kwamabanga e-carbide aqinisiwe, zinikeza indawo yokuqala yengxoxo. Kuhlelo ngalunye, abakhiqizi abaningi banezigaba zabo ezikhethekile, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zamabanga e-carbide.
Amabanga e-Carbide angahlukaniswa futhi ngokwakheka. Amabanga e-Tungsten carbide (WC) angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: elula, i-microcrystalline kanye ne-alloyed. Amabanga e-Simplex aqukethe ngokuyinhloko ama-tungsten carbide kanye ne-cobalt binders, kodwa futhi angaqukatha inani elincane lama-grain growth inhibitors. Amabanga e-microcrystalline akhiwa yi-tungsten carbide kanye ne-cobalt binder engezwe ngezinkulungwane eziningana ze-vanadium carbide (VC) kanye (noma) i-chromium carbide (Cr3C2), futhi usayizi wawo wokusanhlamvu ungafinyelela ku-1 μm noma ngaphansi. Amabanga e-alloy akhiwa ama-tungsten carbide kanye ne-cobalt binders aqukethe amaphesenti ambalwa e-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), kanye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Lezi zengezo zaziwa nangokuthi ama-cubic carbides ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezi-sintering. Isakhiwo esincane esiphumelayo sibonisa isakhiwo esingalingani sezigaba ezintathu.
1) Amabanga alula e-carbide
Lezi zigaba zokusika insimbi zivame ukuqukatha i-cobalt engu-3% kuya ku-12% (ngesisindo). Ububanzi bosayizi bezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide buvame ukuba phakathi kuka-1-8 μm. Njengakwamanye amazinga, ukunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide kwandisa ubulukhuni bayo kanye namandla okuqhekeka okuphambene (TRS), kodwa kunciphisa ukuqina kwayo. Ubulukhuni bohlobo oluhlanzekile buvame ukuba phakathi kuka-HRA89-93.5; amandla okuqhekeka okuphambene ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-175-350ksi. Izimpushana zalezi zigaba zingaqukatha inani elikhulu lezinto eziphinde zasetshenziswa.
Amagreyidi ohlobo olulula angahlukaniswa nge-C1-C4 ohlelweni lwebanga le-C, futhi angahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba zebanga le-K, N, S kanye ne-H ohlelweni lwebanga le-ISO. Amagreyidi e-Simplex anezakhiwo eziphakathi angahlukaniswa njengezigaba zenhloso ejwayelekile (njenge-C2 noma i-K20) futhi angasetshenziselwa ukujika, ukugaya, ukuplana kanye nokubhoboza; amagreyidi anosayizi omncane wokusanhlamvu noma okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okuphansi kanye nokuqina okuphezulu angahlukaniswa njengezigaba zokuqeda (njenge-C4 noma i-K01); amagreyidi anosayizi omkhulu wokusanhlamvu noma okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okungcono angahlukaniswa njengezigaba zokubhoboza (njenge-C1 noma i-K30).
Amathuluzi enziwe ngama-Simplex grade angasetshenziswa ekubumbeni insimbi ephothiwe, insimbi engagqwali engu-200 no-300 yochungechunge, i-aluminium nezinye izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous, ama-superalloy kanye nezinsimbi eziqinile. Lawa ma-grade angasetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zokusika ezingezona insimbi (isb. njengamathuluzi okubhoboza amatshe kanye ne-geological), futhi lawa ma-grade anobubanzi bosayizi wokusanhlamvu obungu-1.5-10μm (noma ngaphezulu) kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okungu-6%-16%. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kokusika okungezona insimbi kwama-carbide grade alula kusekukhiqizweni kwama-dies nama-punches. Lawa ma-grade ngokuvamile anosayizi wokusanhlamvu ophakathi nokuqukethwe kwe-cobalt okungu-16%-30%.
(2) Amazinga e-carbide aqiniswe nge-microcrystalline
Amagreyidi anjalo avame ukuqukatha i-cobalt engu-6%-15%. Ngesikhathi sokusikwa kwesigaba soketshezi, ukungezwa kwe-vanadium carbide kanye/noma i-chromium carbide kungalawula ukukhula kokusanhlamvu ukuze kutholakale isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esihle esinosayizi wezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-1 μm. Leli greyidi elinohlamvu oluncane linobulukhuni obuphezulu kakhulu kanye namandla okuqhekeka okuphambeneyo angaphezu kwama-500ksi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina okwanele kuvumela la magreyidi ukuthi asebenzise i-angle enkulu ye-rake enhle, okunciphisa amandla okusika futhi kukhiqize ama-chips amancane ngokusika esikhundleni sokusunduza izinto zensimbi.
Ngokubona ikhwalithi eqinile yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene ekukhiqizweni kwamazinga empuphu ye-carbide esimende, kanye nokulawula okuqinile kwezimo zenqubo yokucwilisa ukuvimbela ukwakheka kokusanhlamvu okukhulu ngokungajwayelekile esakhiweni sezinto ezibonakalayo, kungenzeka ukuthola izakhiwo zezinto ezifanele. Ukuze kugcinwe usayizi wokusanhlamvu uncane futhi ufana, impuphu ephinde yasetshenziswa kabusha kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela uma kukhona ukulawula okugcwele kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nenqubo yokutakula, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okubanzi.
Amamaki e-microcrystalline angahlukaniswa ngokwesigaba se-M ohlelweni lwebanga le-ISO. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindlela zokuhlukanisa ohlelweni lwebanga le-C kanye nohlelo lwebanga le-ISO ziyafana namamaki ahlanzekile. Amamaki e-microcrystalline angasetshenziswa ukwenza amathuluzi asika izinto zokusebenza ezithambile, ngoba ubuso bethuluzi bungashintshwa ngomshini bube bushelelezi kakhulu futhi bungagcina umkhawulo wokusika obukhali kakhulu.
Amagreyidi e-Microcrystalline angasetshenziswa futhi ekushicileleni ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel, njengoba angamelana namazinga okushisa okusika afinyelela ku-1200°C. Ekucubungulweni kwama-superalloy nezinye izinto ezikhethekile, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-microcrystalline grade kanye namathuluzi e-pure grade aqukethe i-ruthenium kungathuthukisa ngasikhathi sinye ukumelana kwawo nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokuguquguquka kanye nokuqina. Amagreyidi e-Microcrystalline nawo afaneleka ekwenziweni kwamathuluzi ajikelezayo njenge-drills ekhiqiza ukucindezeleka kokucheba. Kukhona i-drill eyenziwe ngamagreyidi ahlanganisiwe e-carbide eqinisiwe. Ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-drill efanayo, okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt ezintweni kuyahlukahluka, ukuze ubulukhuni nokuqina kwe-drill kulungiselelwe ngokwezidingo zokucubungula.
(3) Amazinga e-carbide aqiniswe ngosimende wohlobo lwe-alloy
Lawa mabanga asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusikeni izingxenye zensimbi, futhi okuqukethwe yi-cobalt yazo kuvame ukuba ngu-5%-10%, kanti usayizi wokusanhlamvu usukela ku-0.8-2μm. Ngokufaka i-titanium carbide (TiC) engu-4%-25%, ukuthambekela kwe-tungsten carbide (WC) kokusabalalisa ebusweni bezingcezu zensimbi kungancishiswa. Amandla ethuluzi, ukumelana nokuguguleka kwe-crater kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa kungathuthukiswa ngokufaka i-tantalum carbide (TaC) engu-25% kanye ne-niobium carbide (NbC) engu-25%. Ukwengezwa kwama-cubic carbide anjalo kwandisa nokuqina okubomvu kwethuluzi, okusiza ukugwema ukuguqulwa kokushisa kwethuluzi ekusikeni okunzima noma eminye imisebenzi lapho unqenqema lokusika luzokhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-titanium carbide ingahlinzeka ngezindawo ze-nucleation ngesikhathi sokusila, ithuthukise ukufana kokusatshalaliswa kwe-cubic carbide endaweni yokusebenza.
Ngokuvamile, ububanzi bobulukhuni bama-carbide ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe yi-HRA91-94, kanti amandla okuqhekeka okuphambeneyo angama-150-300ksi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-grade ahlanzekile, ama-alloy grades anokumelana nokuguguleka okubi kanye namandla aphansi, kodwa anokumelana okungcono nokuguguleka okunamathelayo. Ama-grades e-alloy angahlukaniswa abe yi-C5-C8 ohlelweni lwe-C grade, futhi angahlukaniswa ngokwe-P kanye ne-M grade series ohlelweni lwe-ISO grade. Ama-grades e-alloy anezakhiwo eziphakathi angahlukaniswa njengama-grade ajwayelekile (njenge-C6 noma i-P30) futhi angasetshenziswa ekuphenduleni, ekuthinteni, ekuplaneni nasekugayeni. Ama-grades anzima kakhulu angahlukaniswa njengama-grades okuqeda (njenge-C8 kanye ne-P01) ekuqedeni ukujika kanye nemisebenzi yokubhoboza. Lawa ma-grades ngokuvamile anosayizi omncane wokusanhlamvu kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-cobalt ukuthola ubulukhuni obudingekayo kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo ezifanayo zezinto zingatholakala ngokungeza ama-carbide e-cubic amaningi. Ama-grades anobulukhuni obukhulu angahlukaniswa njengama-grade roughing (isb. C5 noma i-P50). Lawa magremu ngokuvamile anosayizi ophakathi nosayizi we-cobalt kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-cobalt, kanye nokwengezwa okuphansi kwama-cubic carbides ukuze kufezwe ukuqina okufiselekayo ngokuvimbela ukukhula kwemifantu. Emisebenzini yokujika ephazamisekile, ukusebenza kokusika kungathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa amagremu acebile nge-cobalt ashiwo ngenhla anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-cobalt ebusweni bamathuluzi.
Amagreyidi e-alloy anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-titanium carbide asetshenziselwa ukugaya insimbi engagqwali kanye nensimbi ethambile, kodwa angasetshenziswa futhi ekugayeni izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous njenge-superalloys esekelwe ku-nickel. Usayizi wezinhlamvu zalawa magreyidi ngokuvamile ungaphansi kwe-1 μm, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt kungu-8%-12%. Amagreyidi aqinile, njenge-M10, angasetshenziswa ekugubungeni insimbi ethambile; amagreyidi aqinile, njenge-M40, angasetshenziswa ekugayeni nasekuplaneni insimbi, noma ekugubungeni insimbi engagqwali noma ama-superalloy.
Amagreyidi e-carbide aqiniswe nge-alloy angasetshenziswa futhi ngezinjongo zokusika okungeyona insimbi, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni izingxenye ezingagugi. Usayizi wezinhlayiya zala magreyidi uvame ukuba ngu-1.2-2 μm, kanti okuqukethwe yi-cobalt kungu-7%-10%. Lapho kukhiqizwa la magreyidi, iphesenti eliphezulu lezinto zokusetshenziswa kabusha livame ukungezwa, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwezindleko eziphezulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezingxenye zokuguga. Izingxenye zokugqoka zidinga ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala kanye nokuqina okuphezulu, okungatholakala ngokungeza i-nickel ne-chromium carbide lapho kukhiqizwa la magreyidi.
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zobuchwepheshe nezongayo zabakhiqizi bamathuluzi, i-carbide powder iyisici esibalulekile. Ama-powder aklanyelwe imishini yokugaya yabakhiqizi bamathuluzi kanye nemingcele yenqubo aqinisekisa ukusebenza komsebenzi oqediwe futhi aphumele emakhulwini ezinhlobo ze-carbide. Uhlobo lokuphinda lusetshenziswe lwezinto ze-carbide kanye nekhono lokusebenza ngqo nabahlinzeki be-powder kuvumela abenzi bamathuluzi ukulawula ngempumelelo ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wabo kanye nezindleko zezinto.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-18-2022
